乌兰布和荒漠生态系统12种沙生灌木苗期的抗旱性

[目的]建立沙生灌木抗旱性评价指标体系,为沙区优良树种的筛选提供科学依据。[方法]以乌兰布和荒漠生态系统12种沙生灌木的2年生幼苗为材料,测定了7项水分生理指标,采用主成分分析和聚类分析对灌木抗旱性进行了研究。[结果](1)麻黄(Ephedra distachyaLinn.)、白刺(Nitraia tangutorum Bobr)及柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)的水势低于其他9种灌木;霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylon Maxim.)的束缚水含量和束缚水与自由水(Va/Vs)比值较高,分别为64.20%,3.3;沙木蓼(Atraphaxis bracteata A.Los.)、白刺及柽柳(Tamarix chinensis Lour.)的蒸腾速率显著低于其他9种灌木;梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.)Bunge)与麻黄的恒重时间最长,均为144h;沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus(Maxim.ex Kom.)Cheng F.)的残留含水率最高(44.80%)。(2)水势、Va/Vs值、残留含水率、束缚水、恒重时间、蒸腾速率6个指标对植物抗旱性的影响较大,累积方差贡献率达87.59%。[结论]依照抗旱性大小将12种植物分为三类,强抗旱灌木为麻黄;中抗旱灌木为梭梭、白刺、霸王;弱抗旱灌木为花棒(Hedysannn scoparium Fisch)、杨柴(Hedysarum mongolicum Turcz.)、柽柳、柠条锦鸡儿、沙冬青、沙木蓼、沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum Turcz.)、小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam.)。     

荒漠戈壁区某煤矿矿井建设工程新增水土流失预测及防治对策

该煤矿井田面积46 km2,工程建设过程中将扰动损坏原地貌植被并产生弃土弃渣,可能形成煤矿塌陷区。经分析计算,煤矿建设过程中,损坏以天然稀疏草地为主体的水保设施面积85.86 hm2,产生弃土弃渣3.78×106t,煤矿塌陷区面积为540.24 hm2,煤矿建设新增土壤流失总量为22 667 t。根据水土流失预测结果,将水土流失防治区分为选煤厂工业场地及生活办公防治区等五个防治区,依据各自水土流失特点对位配置防治措施,达到工程建设与生态环境保护相协调的目的。     

利用生物地球化学模型研究草地生态系统土地变化对生态环境的影响

分析了生物地球化学循环中植物—土壤生态系统的有机物动态,土壤有机质(SOM)主要库类——土壤C,N,P,S循环特点;阐述了土壤有机质的生物地球化学循环模型CENTURY结构。利用CENTURY模型模拟土地利用变化情形下内蒙古草原生态典型区土壤有机质动态。由数值模拟结果分析看,CENTURY对自然和人为活动影响下生态系统的土壤有机质动态有良好的模拟能力,同时又可有效地反映土地利用类型变化对生态环境和土壤侵蚀的影响。     

甘肃环县天然草地植被近40年演变的研究

环县地处陇东黄土高原北部,面积9 326 km2,其天然植被为森林草原与荒漠草原过渡地带.通过对40年前后天然草地植被的比较研究,得出40年来在自然和人类共同作用下,天然草地植被演变的结果是:天然分布的原生植被基本被天然次生植被所替代,植被组成更趋于简单化,天然生长的乔木和灌木群系消失,地带性顶极植被类型短花针茅、长芒草和大针茅群系消失,小面积分布的部分群系消失,各群系中次优势种发生了改变,植被的生态学特征发生变化,生态功能显著降低,天然草地植被严重退化,造成这一结果的主要原因是人类的垦荒、砍伐和过度放牧,而非自然因素的作用.     

The effect of water table depth on emissions of N2O from a grassland soil

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions were measured by the closed chamber technique from five plots along a transect in a nitrogen‐fertilised grassland, together with soil water content, soil temperature and water table depth, to investigate the effect of water table depth on N₂O emissions. N₂O fluxes varied from <1 g N₂O‐N ha^?1 day^?1 to peaks of around 500–1200 g N₂O‐N ha^?1 day^?1 after N fertiliser applications. There was no significant difference in overall average water table depth between four of the five plots, but significant short‐term temporal variations in water table depth did occur. Rises in the water table were accompanied by exponential increases in N₂O emissions, through the associated increases in the water‐filled pore space of the topsoil. Modelling predicted that if the water table could be managed such that it was kept to no less than 35 cm below the ground surface, fluxes during the growing season would be reduced by 50%, while lowering to 45 cm would reduce them by over 80%. The strong implication of these results is that draining grasslands, so that the water tables are only rarely nearer to the surface than 35 cm when N is available for denitrification, would substantially reduce N₂O emissions.     

治理荒漠 保持水土 加快生态农业建设步伐

<正>榆林地区位于陕西省北部,毛乌素沙漠南缘.全区12个县(市),总人口321万,农业人口283万,总土地面积4.36万km~2.榆林地区以长城为界分为两大地貌单元,北部为风沙草滩区,占42%;南部为黄土丘陵沟壑区,占58%,属干旱半干旱大陆性季风气候,年平均降水量399mm.区情特点是:经济相对落后,是国家重点扶持的贫困地区;资源极为丰富,是国家重点开发、可持续利用的能源重化工基地;生态环境脆弱,是全国水土保持、防沙治沙的重点地区.     

寒区旱区间歇性干旱对接种根瘤菌苜蓿草地土壤养分动态的影响

通过盆栽法模拟田间土壤的干湿交替变化过程和强度,研究了寒区旱区间歇性干旱条件对接种根瘤菌(Rhizobia)苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)草地土壤养分的影响。结果表明:1年龄苜蓿接种根瘤菌能显著提高土壤全N、有机质、速效N、速效K和速效P含量,而对土壤pH和全P含量影响不大,间歇性干旱处理能显著降低土壤全N、有机质、全P、速效N、速效P和速效K含量,且土壤养分下降量总体上为有机质>全P>全N>速效K>速效N>速效P;通过相关和回归分析,土壤全P和有机质含量的下降量与干湿交替间隔周期呈显著直线正相关(P<0.05),土壤速效K和速效P含量的下降量与干湿交替间隔周期呈显著直线负相关(P<0.05);当干湿交替间隔周期相同时,土壤全N、全P、速效N和有机质含量的下降量,50%田间持水量的处理大于80%田间持水量的处理,而土壤速效K和速效P含量的下降量,50%田间持水量的处理小于80%田间持水量的处理。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区不同整地方式下退化草地植物群落恢复特征

[目的]对比分析2种造林整地措施处理后的草地植物群落特征,为宁南半干旱黄土丘陵区植被恢复和建设提供理论依据。[方法]以固定样地与群落样方调查数据为基础,对比了"88542"水平沟、鱼鳞坑2种不同整地方式下群落动态特征。[结果](1)在一定的时间尺度上,生境的异质性对鱼鳞坑整地植物群落的结构影响较大,整地方式对植物群落结构特征的影响不明显。(2)生境条件的不同影响了群落的多样性。鱼鳞坑整地的植物群落由于生境的异质性较大,促成了较高的多样性。植物群落物种多样性由高到低的顺序为:鱼鳞坑整地"88542"水平沟整地天然封育草地。(3)植物群落多样性总体表现出随着年限的延伸,整个示范区的植物群落物种的多样性开始下降。[结论]不同人为干扰方式和不同生境对植物群落多样性有明显影响。     

Endangered economic species of Indian desert

The economically important, naturally occurring species of the Indian desert was surveyed on the basis of the perception of local plant scientists. About one-fourth of the total 84 taxa were seen to be facing varying stages of risk. Of these, 17 species and 8 botanical varieties are endemic to Indian desert. Eighteen species in Bikaner, 21 in Jaisalmer and 19 in Jodhpur divisions were reported to be at risk. Factors responsible for the loss of species diversity have been discussed and appropriate strategies have been suggested for their conservation.     

Experimental determination of climate‐change effects on above‐ground and below‐ground organic matter in alpine grasslands by translocation of soil cores

We used the soil‐core translocation method to investigate the effect of increased temperature on above‐ and below‐ground phytomass and organic matter in cool alpine areas. The translocation of undisturbed soil cores from a high alpine site (2525 m a.s.l.) to an alpine site near the timberline (1895 m a.s.l.) achieved an effective artificial warming of 3.3 K. From a methodological point of view, the translocation of soil cores was performed successfully. Soil cores moved to a new site at the same altitude showed no change in above‐ and below‐ground vegetation, bulk density, and soil skeleton. At both sites, soils were Haplic Podzols with a similar chemistry and clay mineralogy. At the lower elevation site, however, podzolization processes seemed to be more pronounced. As a consequence, the translocation of the soil cores probably led to a disturbance of the actual steady state that had been established after about 10,000–13,000 years of soil formation. This might have affected the adaptability of the vegetation system. Therefore, it cannot be fully excluded that the experimental design influenced the results. Translocation of soil cores from a very cool to a warmer site led to a distinct decrease in above‐ground phytomass (about –45%) over the experimental period of two years. Below‐ground phytomass significantly decreased (up to –50%) in the topsoil (0–5 cm) after artificial warming. Possible mechanisms are that roots reduced photosynthesis and hence C flow below‐ground, a reduction of soil moisture that would have led to root death (not a very probable cause, however) or an abrupt change in the radiation duration and flux which affected root growth (also not very probable). Fast climate change exceeded the ability of the above‐ground and below‐ground phytomass to adapt quickly. Whether the decrease in phytomass was a short‐term or a long‐term response to climate warming remains uncertain. Based on a gradient study (climosequence at the same locality), we hypothesize that the decreased plant productivity might be a short‐term effect.